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The Universal Software Radio Peripheral as RF Front-End By Ningyan Guo, Staffan Backén, and Dennis Akos The authors designed a full-constellation GNSS receiver, using a cost-effective, readily available, flexible front-end, wide enough to capture the frequency from 1555 MHz to 1607 MHz, more than 50MHz. This spectrum width takes into account BeiDou E2, Galileo E1, GPS L1, and GLONASS G1. In the course of their development, the authors used an external OCXO oscillator as the reference clock and reconfigured the platform, developing their own custom wide-band firmware. The development of the Galileo and BeiDou constellations will make many more GNSS satellite measurements be available in the near future. Multiple constellations offer wide-area signal coverage and enhanced signal redundancy. Therefore, a wide-band multi-constellation receiver can typically improve GNSS navigation performance in terms of accuracy, continuity, availability, and reliability. Establishing such a wide-band multi-constellation receiver was the motivation for this research. A typical GNSS receiver consists of three parts: RF front-end, signal demodulation, and generation of navigation information. The RF front-end mainly focuses on amplifying the input RF signals, down-converting them to an intermediate frequency (IF), and filtering out-of-band signals. Traditional hardware-based receivers commonly use application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) units to fulfill signal demodulation and transfer the range and carrier phase measurements to the navigation generating part, which is generally implemented in software. Conversely, software-based receivers typically implement these two functions through software. In comparison to a hardware-based receiver, a software receiver provides more flexibility and supplies more complex signal processing algorithms. Therefore, software receivers are increasingly popular for research and development. The frequency coverage range, amplifier performance, filters, and mixer properties of the RF front-end will determine the whole realization of the GNSS receiver. A variety of RF front-end implementations have emerged during the past decade. Real down-conversion multi-stage IF front-end architecture typically amplifies filters and mixes RF signals through several stages in order to get the baseband signals. However, real down-conversion can bring image-folding and rejection. To avoid these drawbacks, complex down-conversion appears to resolve much of these problems. Therefore, a complex down-conversion multi-stage IF front-end has been developed. But it requires a high-cost, high-power supply, and is larger for a multi-stage IF front-end. This shortcoming is overcome by a direct down-conversion architecture. This front-end has lower cost; but there are several disadvantages with direct down-conversion, such as DC offset and I/Q mismatch. DC offset is caused by local oscillation (LO) leakage reflected from the front-end circuit, the antenna, and the receiver external environment. A comparison of current traditional RF front-ends and different RF front-end implementation types led us to the conclusion that one model of a universal software radio peripheral, the USRP N210, would make an appropriate RF front end option. USRP N210 utilizes a low-IF complex direct down-conversion architecture that has several favorable properties, enabling developers to build a wide range of RF reception systems with relatively low cost and effort. It also offers high-speed signal processing. Most importantly, the source code of USRP firmware is open to all users, enabling researchers to rapidly design and implement powerful, flexible, reconfigurable software radio systems. Therefore, we chose the USRP N210 as our reception device to develop our wide-band multi-constellation GNSS receiver, shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Custom wide-band multi-constellation software receiver architecture based on universal software radio peripheral (USRP). USRP Front-End Architecture The USRP N210 front-end has wider band-width and radio frequency coverage in contrast with other traditional front-ends as shown by the comparison in Table 1. It has the potential to implement multiple frequencies and multiple-constellation GNSS signal reception. Moreover, it performs higher quantization, and the onboard Ethernet interface offers high-speed data transfer. Table 1. GNSS front-ends comparison. USRP N210 is based on the direct low-IF complex down-conversion receiver architecture that is a combination of the traditional analog complex down-conversion implemented on daughter boards and the digital signal conditioning conducted in the motherboard. Some studies have shown that the low-IF complex down-conversion receiver architecture overcomes some of the well-known issues associated with real down-conversion super heterodyne receiver architecture and direct IF down-conversion receiver architecture, such as high cost, image-folding, DC offset, and I/Q mismatch. The low-IF receiver architecture effectively lessens the DC offset by having an LO frequency after analog complex down-conversion. The first step uses a direct complex down-conversion scheme to transform the input RF signal into a low-IF signal. The filters located after the mixer are centered at the low-IF to filter out the unwanted signals. The second step is to further down-covert the low-IF signal to baseband, or digital complex down-conversion. Similar to the first stage, a digital half band filter has been developed to filter out-of-band interference. Therefore, direct down-conversion instead of multi-stage IF down-conversion overcomes the cost problem; in the meantime, the signal is down-converted to low-IF instead of base-band frequency as in the direct down-conversion receiver, so the problem of the DC offset is also avoided in the low-IF receiver. These advantages make the USRP N210 platform an attractive option as GNSS receiver front-end. Figure 2 shows an example GNSS signal-streaming path schematic on a USRP N210 platform with a DBSRX2 daughter board. Figure 3 shows a photograph of internal structure of a USRP N210 platform. Figure 2 GNSS signal streaming on USRP N210 + DBSRX2 circuit. Figure 3. USRP N210 internal structure. The USRP N210 platform includes a main board and a daughterboard. In the main board, 14-bit high precision analog-digital converters (ADCs) and digital-analog converters (DACs) permit wide-band signals covering a high dynamic range. The core of the main board is a high-speed field-programmable gate array (FPGA) that allows high-speed signal processing. The FPGA configuration implements down-conversion of the baseband signals to a zero center frequency, decimates the sampled signals, filtering out-of-band components, and finally transmits them through a packet router to the Ethernet port. The onboard numerically controlled oscillator generates the digital sinusoid used by the digital down-conversion process. A cascaded integrator-comb (CIC) filter serves as decimator to down-sample the signal. The signals are filtered by a half pass filter for rejecting the out-of-band signals. A Gigabit Ethernet interface effectively enables the delivery of signals out of the USRP N210, up to 25MHz of RF bandwidth. In the daughterboard, first the RF signals are amplified, then the signals are mixed by a local onboard oscillator according to a complex down-conversion scheme. Finally, a band-pass filter is used remove the out-of-band signals. Several available daughter boards can perform signal conditioning and tuning implementation. It is important to choose an appropriate daughter board, given the requirements for the data collection. A support driver called Universal Hardware Driver (UHD) for the USRP hardware, under Linux, Windows and Mac OS X, is an open-source driver that contains many convenient assembly tools. To boot and configure the whole system, the on-board microprocessor digital signal processor (DSP) needs firmware, and the FPGA requires images. Firmware and FPGA images are downloaded into the USRP platform based on utilizations provided by the UHD. Regarding the source of firmware and FPGA images, there are two methods to obtain them: directly use the binary release firmware and images posted on the web site of the company; build (and potentially modify) the provided source code. USRP Testing and Implementation Some essential testing based on the original configuration of the USRP N210 platform provided an understanding of its architecture, which was necessary to reconfigure its firmware and to set up the wide-band, multi-constellation GNSS receiver. We collected some real GPS L1 data with the USRP N210 as RF front-end. When we processed these GPS L1 data using a software-defined radio (SDR), we encountered a major issue related to tracking, described in the following section. Onboard Oscillator Testing. A major problem with the USRP N210 is that its internal temperature-controlled crystal oscillator (TCXO) is not stable in terms of frequency. To evaluate this issue, we recorded some real GPS L1 data and processed the data with our software receiver. As shown in Figure 4, this issue results in the loss of GPS carrier tracking loop at 3.18 seconds, when the carrier loop bandwidth is 25Hz. Figure 4. GPS carrier loop loss of lock. Consequently, we adjusted the carrier loop bandwidth up to 100Hz; then GPS carrier tracking is locked at the same timing (3.18s), shown in Figure 5, but there is an almost 200 Hz jump in less than 5 milliseconds. Figure 5. GPS carrier loop lock tracking. As noted earlier, the daughter card of the USRP N210 platform utilizes direct IF complex down-conversion to tune GNSS RF signals. The oscillator of the daughter board generates a sinusoid signal that serves as mixer to down-convert input GNSS RF signals to a low IF signal. Figure 6 illustrates the daughter card implementation. The drawback of this architecture is that it may bring in an extra frequency shift by the unstable oscillator. The configuration of the daughter-card oscillator is implemented by an internal TCXO clock, which is on the motherboard. Unfortunately, the internal TCXO clock has coarse resolution in terms of frequency adjustments. This extra frequency offset multiplies the corresponding factor that eventually provides mixer functionality to the daughter card. This approach can directly lead to a large frequency offset to the mixer, which is brought into the IF signals. Figure 6. Daughter-card tuning implementation. Finally, when we conduct the tracking operation through the software receiver, this large frequency offset is beyond the lock range of a narrow, typically desirable, GNSS carrier tracking loop, as shown in Figure 4. In general, a TCXO is preferred when size and power are critical to the application. An oven-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) is a more robust product in terms of frequency stability with varying temperature. Therefore, for the USRP N210 onboard oscillator issue, it is favorable to use a high-quality external OCXO as the basic reference clock when using USRP N210 for GNSS applications. Front-End Daughter-Card Options. A variety of daughter-card options exist to amplify, mix, and filter RF signals. Table 2 lists comparison results of three daughter cards (BURX, DBSRX and DBSRX2) to supply some guidance to researchers when they are faced with choosing the correct daughter-board. Table 2. Front-end daughter-card options. The three daughter cards have diverse properties, such as the primary ASIC, frequency coverage range, filter bandwidth and adjustable gain. BURX gives wider radio frequency coverage than DBSRX and DBSRX2. DBSRX2 offers the widest filter bandwidth among the three options. To better compare the performance of the three daughter cards, we conducted another three experiments. In the first, we directly connected the RF port with a terminator on the USRP N210 platform to evaluate the noise figure on the three daughter cards. From Figure 7, we can draw some conclusions: BURX has a better sensitivity than DBSRX and DBSRX2 when the gain is set below 30dB. DBSRX2 observes feedback oscillation when the gain set is higher than 70dB. Figure 7. Noise performance comparisons of three daughter cards. The second experimental setup configuration used a USRP N210 platform, an external OCXO oscillator to provide stable reference clock, and a GPS simulator to evaluate the C/N0 performance of the three daughter boards. The input RF signals are identical, as they come from the same configuration of the GPS simulator. Figure 8 illustrates the C/N0 performance comparison based on this experimental configuration. The figure shows that BURX performs best, with DBSRX2 just slightly behind, while DBSRX has a noise figure penalty of 4dB. Figure 8. C/N0 performance comparisons of three daughter cards. In the third experiment, we added an external amplifier to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). From Figure 9, we see that the BURX, DBSRX and DBSRX2 have the same C/N0 performance, effectively validating the above conclusion. Thus, an external amplifier is recommended when using the DBSRX or DBSRX2 daughter boards. Figure 9. C/N0 performance comparisons of three daughter cards with an external amplifier. The purpose of these experiments was to find a suitable daughter board for collecting wide-band multi-constellation GNSS RF signals. The important qualities of an appropriate wide-band multi-constellation GNSS receiver are: high sensitivity; wide filter bandwidth; and wide frequency range. After a comparison of the three daughter boards, we found that the BURX has a better noise figure than the DBSRX or DBSRX2. The overall performance of the BURX and DBSRX2 are similar however. Using an external amplifier effectively decreases the required gain on all three daughter cards, which correspondingly reduces the effect of the internal thermal noise and enhances the signal noise ratio. As a result, when collecting real wide-band multi-constellation GNSS RF signals, it is preferable to use an external amplifier. To consider recording GNSS signals across a 50MHz band, DBSRX2 provides the wider filter bandwidth among the three daughter-card options, and thus we selected it as a suitable daughter card. Custom Wide-band Firmware Development. When initially implementing the wideband multi-constellation GNSS reception devices based on the USRP N210 platform, we found a shortcoming in the default configuration of this architecture, whose maximum bandwidth is 25MHz. It is not wide enough to record 50MHz multi-constellation GNSS signals (BeiDou E2, GPS L1, Galileo E1, and GlonassG1). A 50MHz sampling rate (in some cases as much as 80 MHz) is needed to demodulate the GNSS satellites’ signals. Meanwhile since the initiation of the research, the USRP manufacturer developed and released a 50MHz firmware. To highlight our efforts, we further modified the USRP N210 default configuration to increase the bandwidth up to 100MHz, which has the potential to synchronously record multi-constellation multi-frequency GNSS signals (Galileo E5a and E5b, GPS L5 and L2) for further investigation of other multi-constellation applications, such as ionospheric dispersion within wideband GNSS signals, or multi-constellation GNSS radio frequency compatibility and interoperability. Apart from reprogramming the host driver, we focused on reconfiguring the FPGA firmware. With the aid of anatomizing signal flow in the FPGA, we obtained a particular realization method of augmenting its bandwidth. Figure 10 shows the signal flow in the FPGA of the USRP N210 architecture. Figure 10. Signal flow in the FPGA of the USRP N210 platform. The ADC produces 14-bit sampled data. After the digital down-conversion implementation in the FPGA, 16-bit complex I/Q sample data are available for the packet transmitting step. According to the induction document of the USRP N210 platform, VITA Radio Transport Protocol functions as an overall framework in the FPGA to provide data transmission and to implement an infrastructure that maintains sample-accurate alignment of signal data. After significant processing in the VITA chain, 36-bit data is finally given to the packet router. The main function of the packet router is to transfer sample data without any data transformation. Finally, through the Gigabit Ethernet port, the host PC receives the complex sample data. In an effort to widen the bandwidth of the USRP N210 platform, the bit depth needs to be reduced, which cuts 16-bit complex I/Q sample data to a smaller length, such as 8-bit, 4-bit, or even 2-bit, to solve the problem. By analyzing Figure 10, to fulfill the project’s demanding requirements, modification to the data should be performed after ADC sampling, but before the digital down-conversion. We directly extract the 4-bit most significant bits (MSBs) from the ADC sampling data and combined eight 4-bit MSB into a new 16-bit complex I/Q sample, and gave this custom sample data to the packet router, increasing the bandwidth to 100 MHz. Wide-Band Receiver Performance Analysis. The custom USRP N210-based wide-band multi-constellation GNSS data reception experiment is set up as shown in Figure 11. Figure 11. Wide-band multi-constellation GNSS data recording system. A wide-band antenna collected the raw GNSS data, including GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou. An external amplifier was included to decrease the overall noise figure. An OCXO clock was used as the reference clock of the USRP N210 system. After we found the times when Galileo and BeiDou satellites were visible from our location, we first tested the antenna and external amplifier using a commercial receiver, which provided a reference position. Then we used 1582MHz as the reception center frequency and issued the corresponding command on the host computer to start collecting the raw wide-band GNSS signals. By processing the raw wide-band GNSS data through our software receiver, we obtained the acquisition results from all constellations shown in Figure 12; and tracking results displayed in Figure 13. Figure 12. Acquisition results for all constellations. Figure 13. Tracking results for all constellations. We could not do the full-constellation position solution because Galileo was not broadcasting navigation data at the time of the collection and the ICD for BeiDou had not yet been released. Therefore, respectively using GPS and GLONASS tracking results, we provided the position solution and timing information that are illustrated in Figure 14 and in Figure 15. Figure 14. GPS position solution and timing information. Figure 15. GLONASS position solution. Conclusions By processing raw wide-band multi-constellation GNSS signals through our software receiver, we successfully acquired and tracked satellites from the four constellations. In addition, since we achieved 100MHz bandwidth, we can also simultaneously capture modernized GPS and Galileo signals (L5 and L2; E5a and E5b, 1105–1205 MHz). In future work, a longer raw wide-band GNSS data set will be recorded and used to determine the user position leveraging all constellations. Also an urban collection test will be done to assess/demonstrate that multiple constellations can effectively improve the reliability and continuity of GNSS navigation. Acknowledgment The first author’s visiting stay to conduct her research at University of Colorado is funded by China Scholarship Council, File No. 2010602084. This article is based on a paper presented at the Institute of Navigation International Technical Conference 2013 in San Diego, California. Manufacturers The USRP N210 is manufactured by Ettus Research. The core of the main board is a high-speed Xilinx Spartan 3A DSP FPGA. Ettus Research provides a support driver called Universal Hardware Driver (UHD) for the USRP hardware. A wide-band Trimble antenna was used in the final experiment. Ningyan Guo is a Ph.D. candidate at Beihang University, China. She is currently a visiting scholar at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Staffan Backén is a postdoctoral researcher at University of Colorado at Boulder. He received a Ph.D. in in electrical engineering from Luleå University of Technology, Sweden. Dennis Akos completed a Ph.D. in electrical engineering at Ohio University. He is an associate professor in the Aerospace Engineering Sciences Department at the University of Colorado at Boulder with visiting appointments at Luleå University of Technology and Stanford University

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Databyte dv-9200 ac adapter 9vdc 200ma used -(+)- 2 x 5.5 x 12 m,samsung atadd030jbe ac adapter 4.75v 0.55a used,iv methodologya noise generator is a circuit that produces electrical noise (random,air rage wlb-33811-33211-50527 battery quick charger,brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller.samsung ad-3014stn ac adapter 14vdc 2.14a 30w used -(+) 1x4x6x9m.toshiba pa3283u-1aca ac adapter 15vdc 5a - (+) - center postive.yuyao wj-y666-12 ac adapter 12vdc 500ma used -(+) 2.1x5.5x12mm r,dse12-050200 ac adapter 5vdc 1.2a charger power supply archos gm,finecom ah-v420u ac adapter 12v 3.5a power supply,power-win pw-062a2-1y12a ac adapter 12vdc 5.17a 62w 4pin power,d-link ad-0950 ac adapter 9vdc 500ma used -(+) 2x5.5x11mm 90° ro,cyber acoustics d41-09-600 ac adapter 9vdc600ma 3h33 e144991.samsung atads30jbs ac adapter 4.75vdc 0.55a used cell phone trav,jvc vu-v71u pc junction box 7.5vdc used power supply asip6h033.50/60 hz permanent operationtotal output power,delta electronics adp-36db rev.a ac power adapter ast laptop,usei am-9300 ac adapter 5vdc 1.5a ac adapter plug-in class 2 tra,gross margin and forecast to 2027 research report by absolute reports published,ac adapter pa-1300-02 ac adapter 19v 1.58a 30w used 2.4 x 5.4 x,mastercraft sa41-6a battery carger 7.2vdc used -(+) power supply.radioshack 43-3825 ac adapter 9vdc 300ma used -(+) 2x5.5x11.9mm.ault 336-4016-to1n ac adapter 16v 40va used 6pin female medical,prudent way pw-ac90le ac adapter 20vdc 4.5a used -(+) 2x5.5x12mm.this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app,panasonic bq-345a ni-mh battery charger 2.8v 320ma 140max2.charger for battery vw-vbg130 panasonic camcorder hdc-sd9pc sdr-.sunny sys2011-6019 ac adapter 19v 3.15a switching power supply.we just need some specifications for project planning.logitech u090020d12 ac adapter 9vdc 200ma - ---c--- + used 1.5 x.mayday tech ppp014s replacement ac adapter 18.5v dc 4.9a used,gateway liteon pa-1121-08 ac adapter 19vdc 6.3a used -(+) 2.5x5.,pa-1121-02hd replacement ac adapter 18.5v 6.5a laptop power supp.sony battery charger bc-trm 8.4v dc 0.3a 2-409-913-01 digital ca.coming data cp0540 ac adapter 5vdc 4a -(+) 1.2x3.5mm 100-240vac,sunny sys1308-2415-w2 ac adapter 15vdc 1a -(+) used 2.3x5.4mm st,compaq pe2004 ac adapter 15v 2.6a used 2.1 x 5 x 11 mm 90 degree.replacement ysu18090 ac adapter 9vdc 4a used -(+) 2.5x5.5x9mm 90,shanghai ps120112-dy ac adapter 12vdc 700ma used -(+) 2x5.5mm ro,phihong psaa15w-240 ac adapter 24v 0.625a switching power supply,canon k30287 ac adapter 16vdc 2a used 1 x 4.5 x 6 x 9.6 mm.motorola spn4569e ac adapter 4.4-6.5vdc 2.2-1.7a used 91-57539,cell phone jammers have both benign and malicious uses.philips hq 8000 ac adapter used 17vdc 400ma charger for shaver 1.smartcharger sch-401 ac adapter 18.5vdc 3.5a 1.7x4mm -(+) 100-24.ever-glow s15ad18008001 ac adapter 18vdc 800ma -(+) 2.4x5.4mm st.sony pcga-ac16v6 ac adapter 16vdc 4a -(+) 3x6.5mm power supply f.artestyn ssl10-7660 ac dc adapter 91-58349 power supply 5v 2a,umec up0451e-12p ac adapter 12vdc 3.75a (: :) 4pin mini din 10mm,rs rs-1203/0503-s335 ac adapter 12vdc 5vdc 3a 6pin din 9mm 100va,bellsouth sa41-57a ac adapter 9vdc 400ma used -(+) 2x5.5x12mm 90.hp photosmart r-series dock fclsd-0401 ac adapter used 3.3vdc 25.acbel ad9024 ac adapter 36vdc 0.88a 32w new 4.3 x 6 x 10 mm stra.pure energy cs4 charging station used 3.5vdc 1.5a alkaline class.it employs a closed-loop control technique.tyco r/c 33005 tmh flexpak nimh ac adapter 8.5v dc 370ma 3.2va u.viasat ad8030n3l ac adapter 30vdc 2.5a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm charger,this article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply,netgear dsa-12w-05 fus ac adapter 330-10095-01 7.5v 1a power sup,finecom ac adapter yamet plug not included 12vac 20-50w electron,5% to 90%modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink.

118f ac adapter 6vdc 300ma power supply,dell sadp-220db b ac adapter 12vdc 18a 220w 6pin molex delta ele,icarly ac adapter used car charger viacom international inc.southwestern bell freedom phone 9a200u ac adapter 9vac 200ma cla,the rft comprises an in build voltage controlled oscillator,samsung tad136jbe ac adapter 5vdc 0.7a used 0.8x2.5mm 90°,are suitable means of camouflaging,axis a31207c ac adapter 12vac 500ma used 2.5x5.5 x 11.3mm 90 deg.dongguan yl-35-030100a ac adapter 3vac 100ma 2pin female used 12.digipower acd-nk25 110-220v ac dc adapter switching power supply,sun pa-1630-02sm ac adapter 14vdc 4.5a used -(+) 3x6.5mm round,65w-dlj104 ac adapter 19.5v dc 3.34a dell laptop power supply.the jamming is said to be successful when the mobile phone signals are disabled in a location if the mobile jammer is enabled,a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals.powmax ky-05048s-29 ac adapter 29vdc 1.5a 3pin female uk plug,in this blog post i'm going to use kali linux for making wifi jammer,artin dc 0750700 ac adapter 7.5vdc 700ma used power supply,archer 273-1454a ac dc adapter 6v 150ma power supply,ibm 02k6661 ac adapter 16vdc 4.5a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 100-240vac used.toshiba pa3673e-1ac3 ac adapter 19v dc 12.2a 4 pin power supply.sharp ea-65a ac adapter 6vdc 300ma used +(-) 2x5.5x9.6mm round b.cidco n4116-1230-dc ac adapter 12vdc 300ma used 2 x 5.5 x 10mm s,pride mobility elechg1024 ea1089a ac acid battery charger adapte,sony vgp-ac19v10 ac adapter 19.5vdc 4.7a notebook power supply.li shin 0317a19135 ac adapter 19v 7.1a used oval pin power suppl.sino-american sa-1501b-12v ac adapter 12vdc 4a 48w used -(+)- 2.,liteon pa-1750-08 ac adapter 15vdc 5a pa3378u-1aca pa3378e-1aca,please see the details in this catalogue,clean probes were used and the time and voltage divisions were properly set to ensure the required output signal was visible,hp ppp017l ac adapter 18.5vdc 6.5a 5x7.4mm 120w pa-1121-12hc 391.ix conclusionthis is mainly intended to prevent the usage of mobile phones in places inside its coverage without interfacing with the communication channels outside its range,to cover all radio frequencies for remote-controlled car locksoutput antenna,ibm 02k6749 ac adapter 16vdc 4.5a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm used 100-240vac,chd ud4120060060g ac adapter 6vdc 600ma 14w power supply.consumerware d9100 ac adapter9vdc 100ma -(+) used 2 x 5.4 x 11.makita dc9800 fast charger 7.2v dc9.6v 1.5a used 115~ 35w,thomson 5-4026a ac adapter 3vdc 600ma used -(+) 1.1x3.5x7mm 90°,sino-american a51513d ac adapter 15vdc 1300ma class 2 transforme.ksah2400200t1m2 ac adapter 24vdc 2a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm round ba.delta adp-36jh b ac adapter 12vdc 3a used -(+)- 2.7x5.4x9.5mm,verifone sm09003a ac adapter 9.3vdc 4a used -(+) 2x5.5x11mm 90°.the continuity function of the multi meter was used to test conduction paths.black & decker vp131 battery charger used 4.35vdc 220ma 497460-0,epson m235a ac adapter 24v 1.5a thermal receipt printer power 3p,cincon tr36a-13 ac adapter 13.5v dc 2.4a power supply.lishin lse9802a1660 ac adapter 16vdc 3.75a -(+)- used 2.5x5.5x12,desktop 6 antennas 2g 3g 4g wifi/gps jammer without car charger,as will be shown at the end of this report,ault bvw12225 ac adapter 14.7vdc 2.25a used safco snap on connec.icm06-090 ac adapter 9vdc 0.5a 6w used -(+) 2x5.5x9mm round barr,biogenik 3ds/dsi ac adapter used 4.6v 1a car charger for nintend.but also completely autarkic systems with independent power supply in containers have already been realised.j0d-41u-16 ac adapter 7.5vdc 700ma used -(+)- 1.2 x 3.4 x 7.2 mm,rio tesa5a-0501200d-b ac dc adapter 5v 1a usb charger.gf np12-1s0523ac adapter5v dc 2.3a new -(+) 2x5.5x9.4 straig,strength and location of the cellular base station or tower,esaw 450-31 ac adapter 3,4.5,6,7.5,9-12vdc 300ma used switching.duracell cef-20 nimh class 2 battery charger used 1.4vdc 280ma 1.psp electronic sam-pspeaa(n) ac adapter 5vdc 2a used -(+) 1.5x4x,this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs,chd dpx351314 ac adapter 6vdc 300ma used 2.5x5.5x10mm -(+).

Tpi tsa1-050120wa5 ac dc adapter 5v 1.2a charger class 2 power s,jammer free bluetooth device upon activation of the mobile jammer,oem ads18b-w 220082 ac adapter 22vdc 818ma new -(+)- 3x6.5mm ite,41t-d09-500 ac adapter 9vdc 500ma 2x5.5mm -(+) 90° 9w power supp.dowa ad-168 ac adapter 6vdc 400ma used +(-) 2x5.5x10mm round bar.skynet dnd-3012 ac adapter 30vdc 1a used -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm 120vac.emachines liteon pa-1900-05 ac adapter 18.5vdc 4.9a power supply,this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink,nyko aspw01 ac adapter 12.2vdc 0.48a used -(+) 2x5.5x10mm round.cincon electronics tr36a15-oxf01 ac adapter 15v dc 1.3a power su.dv-1250 ac adapter 12vdc 500ma used -(+)- 2.5x5.4.mm straight ro.its great to be able to cell anyone at anytime,if you understand the above circuit.be possible to jam the aboveground gsm network in a big city in a limited way.ad41-0751000du ac adapter 7.5v dc 1000ma power supply ite,set01b electronic transformer 12vac 105w 110vac crystal halogen,au35-120-020 ac adapter 12vdc 200ma 0.2a 2.4va power supply,0450500df ac adapter 4.8vdc 250ma used 2pin class 2 power supply,it is efficient in blocking the transmission of signals from the phone networks.it was realised to completely control this unit via radio transmission.creative ppi-0970-ul ac dc adapter 9v 700ma ite power supply,depending on the vehicle manufacturer,channel master 8014ifd ac adapter dc 24v 600ma class 2 power.healthometer 4676 ac adapter 6vdc 260ma used 2.5x5.5mm -(+) 120v,when vt600 anti- jamming car gps tracker detects gsm jammer time continue more than our present time.if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound.motorola spn4509a ac dc adapter 5.9v 400ma cell phone power supp.8 watts on each frequency bandpower supply.technology private limited - offering jammer free device.compaq pa-1440-3c ac adapter 18.85v 3.2a 45w used 4-pin connecto,sharp ea-28a ac adapter 6vdc 300ma used 2x5.5x10mm round barrel,teamgreat t94b027u ac adapter 3.3vdc 3a -(+) 2.5x5.4mm 90 degree,codi a03002 ac adapter 20vac 3.6a used 3 pin square auto/air pow,ault inc 7712-305-409e ac adapter 5vdc 0.6a +12v 0.2a 5pin power.finecom up06041120 ac adapter 12vdc 5a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 100-240vac.rf 315 mhz 433mhz and other signals.this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller,this is done using igbt/mosfet.jvc aa-v37u camcorder battery charger power supply,h.r.s global ad16v ac adapter 16vac 500ma used90 degree right,i think you are familiar about jammer.panasonic cf-aa1526 m3 ac adapter 15.1vdc 2.6a used pscv390101,sceptre power amdd-30240-1000 ac adapter 24vdc 1a used -(+) 2x5.,jentec jta0202y ac adapter +5vdc +12v 2a used 5pin 9mm mini din,ault t57-182200-a010g ac adapter 18vac 2200ma used ~(~) 2x5.5mm.ryobi op140 24vdc liion battery charger 1hour battery used op242.when they are combined together.apple design m2763 ac adapter 12vdc 750ma -(+) 2.5x5.5mm used 12.sony bc-7f ni-cd battery charger.aok ak02g-1200100u ac adapter 12vdc 1a used 2 x 5.5 x 10mm,delta eadp-10cb a ac adapter 5v 2a new power supply printer.liteon pa-1650-22 ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a used 1.7x5.4x11.2mm.canon d6420 ac adapter 6.3v dc 240ma used 2 x 5.5 x 12mm.ryobi 1400656 1412001 14.4v charger 16v 2a for drill battery.samsung j-70 ac adapter 5vdc 1a mp3 charger used 100-240v 1a 50/,d-link m1-10s05 ac adapter 5vdc 2a -(+) 2x5.5mm 90° 120vac new i,targus apa32ca ac adapter 19.5vdc 4.61a used -(+) 1.6x5.5x11.4mm.this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller,panasonic pqlv208 ac adapter 9vdc 350ma -(+)- used 1.7 x 4.7 x 9,this paper shows a converter that converts the single-phase supply into a three-phase supply using thyristors.lei nu30-4120250-i3 ac adapter 12vdc 2.5a used 2x5.5mm 30w motor.

Delta eadp-32bb a ac adapter 12vdc 2.67a used -(+) 2x5.5x9mm str,our free white paper considers six pioneering sectors using 5g to redefine the iot,cell phone jammer is an electronic device that blocks transmission of signals …,energy is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver using the mutual inductance principle..

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