3gjammer - 3gjammer
By Saeed Daneshmand, Ali Jafarnia-Jahromi, Ali Broumandan, and Gérard Lachapelle Most anti-spoofing techniques are computationally complicated or limited to a specific spoofing scenario. A new approach uses a two-antenna array to steer a null toward the direction of the spoofing signals, taking advantage of the spatial filtering and the periodicity of the authentic and spoofing signals. It requires neither antenna-array calibration nor a spoofing detection block, and can be employed as an inline anti-spoofing module at the input of conventional GPS receivers. GNSS signals are highly vulnerable to in-band interference such as jamming and spoofing. Spoofing is an intentional interfering signal that aims to coerce GNSS receivers into generating false position/navigation solutions. A spoofing attack is, potentially, significantly more hazardous than jamming since the target receiver is not aware of this threat. In recent years, implementation of software receiver-based spoofers has become feasible due to rapid advances with software-defined radio (SDR) technology. Therefore, spoofing countermeasures have attracted significant interest in the GNSS community. Most of the recently proposed anti-spoofing techniques focus on spoofing detection rather than on spoofing mitigation. Furthermore, most of these techniques are either restricted to specific spoofing scenarios or impose high computational complexity on receiver operation. Due to the logistical limitations, spoofing transmitters often transmit several pseudorandom noise codes (PRNs) from the same antenna, while the authentic PRNs are transmitted from different satellites from different directions. This scenario is shown in Figure 1. In addition, to provide an effective spoofing attack, the individual spoofing PRNs should be as powerful as their authentic peers. Therefore, overall spatial energy of the spoofing signals, which is coming from one direction, is higher than other incident signals. Based on this common feature of the spoofing signals, we propose an effective null-steering approach to set up a countermeasure against spoofing attacks. This method employs a low-complexity processing technique to simultaneously de-spread the different incident signals and extract their spatial energy. Afterwards, a null is steered toward the direction where signals with the highest amount of energy impinge on the double-antenna array. One of the benefits of this method is that it does not require array calibration or the knowledge of the array configuration, which are the main limitations of antenna-array processing techniques. Processing Method The block diagram of the proposed method is shown in Figure 2. Without loss of generality, assume that s(t) is the received spoofing signal at the first antenna. Figure 2. Operational block diagram of proposed technique. The impinging signal at the second antenna can be modeled by , where θs and μ signify the spatial phase and gain difference between the two channels, respectively. As mentioned before, the spoofer transmits several PRNs from the same direction while the authentic signals are transmitted from different directions. Therefore, θs is the same for all the spoofing signals. However, the incident authentic signals impose different spatial phase differences. In other words, the dominant spatial energy is coming from the spoofing direction. Thus, by multiplying the conjugate of the first channel signals to that of the second channel and then applying a summation over N samples, θs can be estimated as (1) where r1 and r2 are the complex baseband models of the received signals at the first and the second channels respectively, and Ts is the sampling duration. In (1), θs can be estimated considering the fact that the authentic terms are summed up non-constructively while the spoofing terms are combined constructively, and all other crosscorrelation and noise terms are significantly reduced after filtering. For estimating μ, the signal of each channel is multiplied by its conjugate in the next epoch to prevent noise amplification. It can easily be shown that μ can be estimated as (2) where T is the pseudorandom code period. Having and a proper gain can be applied to the second channel in order to mitigate the spoofing signals by adding them destructively as (3) Analyses and Simulation Results We have carried out simulations for the case of 10 authentic and 10 spoofing GPS signals being transmitted at the same time. The authentic sources were randomly distributed over different azimuth and elevation angles, while all spoofing signals were transmitted from the same direction at azimuth and elevation of 45 degrees. A random code delay and Doppler frequency shift were assigned to each PRN. The average power of the authentic and the spoofing PRNs were –158.5 dBW and –156.5 dBW, respectively. Figure 3 shows the 3D beam pattern generated by the proposed spoofing mitigation technique. The green lines show the authentic signals coming from different directions, and the red line represents the spoofing signals. As shown, the beam pattern’s null is steered toward the spoofing direction. Figure 3. Null steering toward the spoofer signals. In Figure 4, the array gain of the previous simulation has been plotted versus the azimuth and elevation angles. Note that the double-antenna anti-spoofing technique significantly attenuates the spoofer signals. This attenuation is about 11 dB in this case. Hence, after mitigation, the average injected spoofing power is reduced to –167.5 dBW for each PRN. As shown in Figure 4, the double-antenna process has an inherent array gain that can amplify the authentic signals. However, due to the presence of the cone of ambiguity in the two-antenna array beam pattern, the power of some authentic satellites that are located in the attenuation cone might be also reduced. Figure 4. Array gain with respect to azimuth and elevation. Monte Carlo simulations were then performed over 1,000 runs for different spoofing power levels. The transmitted direction, the code delay, and the Doppler frequency shift of the spoofing and authentic signals were changed during each run of the simulation. Figure 5 shows the average signal to interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of the authentic and the spoofing signals as a function of the average input spoofing power for both the single antenna and the proposed double antenna processes. A typical detection SINR threshold corresponding to PFA=10-3 also has been shown in this figure. Figure 5. Authentic and spoofed SINR variations as a function of average spoofing power. In the case of the single antenna receiver, the SINR of the authentic signals decreases as the input spoofing power increases. This is because of the receiver noise-floor increase due to the cross-correlation terms caused by the higher power spoofing signals. However, the average SINR of the spoofing signals increases as the power of the spoofing PRNs increase. For example, when the average input spoofing power is –150 dBW, the authentic SINR for the single-antenna process is under the detection threshold, while the SINR of the spoofing signal is above this threshold. However, by considering the proposed beamforming method, as the spoofing power increases, the SINR of the authentic signal almost remains constant, while the spoofing SINR is always far below the detection threshold. Hence, the proposed null-steering method not only attenuates the spoofing signals but also significantly reduces the spoofing cross-correlation terms that increase the receiver noise floor. Early real-data processing verifies the theoretical findings and shows that the proposed method indeed is applicable to real-world spoofing scenarios. Conclusions The method proposed herein is implemented before the despreading process; hence, it significantly decreases the computational complexity of the receiver process. Furthermore, the method does not require array calibration, which is the common burden with array-processing techniques. These features make it suitable for real-time applications and, thus, it can be either employed as a pre-processing unit for conventional GPS receivers or easily integrated into next-generation GPS receivers. Considering the initial experimental results, the required antenna spacing for a proper anti-spoofing scenario is about a half carrier wavelength. Hence, the proposed anti-spoofing method can be integrated into handheld devices. The proposed technique can also be easily extended to other GNSS signal structures. Further analyses and tests in different real-world scenarios are ongoing to further assess the effectiveness of the method. Saeed Daneshmand is a Ph.D. student in the Position, Location, and Navigation (PLAN) group in the Department of Geomatics Engineering at the University of Calgary. His research focuses on GNSS interference and multipath mitigation using array processing. Ali Jafarnia-Jahromi is a Ph.D. student in the PLAN group at the University of Calgary. His research focuses on GNSS spoofing detection and mitigation techniques. Ali Broumandan received his Ph.D. degree from Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Canada. He is a senior research associate/post-doctoral fellow in the PLAN group at the University. Gérard Lachapelle holds a Canada Research Chair in wireless location In the Department of Geomatics Engineering at the University of Calgary in Alberta, Canada, and is a member of GPS World’s Editorial Advisory Board.
3gjammer
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used 4 pin xlr female 100-,24vac-40va ac adapter 24vac 1670ma shilded wire used power suppl,fujitsu cp293662-01 ac adapter 19vdc 4.22a used 2.5 x 5.5 x 12mm.the continuity function of the multi meter was used to test conduction paths,in-li yl-12-12 ac adapter 12vac 12va used ~(~) 2pin din female p,motorola r35036060-a1 spn5073a ac adapter used 3.6vdc 600ma,creative ud-1540 ac adapter dc 15v 4a ite power supplyconditio.microsoft dpsn-10eb xbox 360 quick charge kit.ktec ksaa0500120w1us ac adapter 5vdc 1.2a new -(+)- 1.5x4mm swit.lambda dt60pw201 ac adapter 5vdc 6a 12v 2a lcd power supply 6pin,it can not only cut off all 5g 3g 4g mobile phone signals,cwt paa040f ac adapter 12v dc 3.33a power supply,artesyn scl25-7624 ac adapter 24vdc 1a 8pin power supply.motorola psm4250a ac adapter 4.4vdc 1.5a used cellphone charger.download your presentation papers from the following links,asus exa0801xa ac adapter 12v 3a 1.3x4.5 90 degree round barrel.replacement tj-65-185350 ac adapter 18.5vdc 3.5a used -(+) 5x7.3.hp 0950-3796 ac adapter 19vdc 3160ma adp-60ub notebook hewlett p.panasonic vsk0964 ac adapter 5vdc 1.6a used 1.5x4x9mm 90° round.siemens 69873 s1 ac adapter optiset rolm optiset e power supply.jvc ap-v18u ac dc adapter 11v 1a power supply,you can not mix any other cell phone or gps signals in this wifi,here is a list of top electrical mini-projects.doing so creates enoughinterference so that a cell cannot connect with a cell phone,sony ac-v25b ac adapter 7.5v 1.5a 10v 1.1a charger power supply,ibm aa20210 ac adapter 16vdc 3.36a used 2.5 x 5.5 x 11mm round b,these jammers include the intelligent jammers which directly communicate with the gsm provider to block the services to the clients in the restricted areas,but with the highest possible output power related to the small dimensions,spectralink ptc300 trickle 2.0 battery charger used for pts330 p,ault t22-0509-001t03 ac adapter 9vac 0.5a us robotics used ~(~),circuit-test ad-1280 ac adapter 12v dc 800ma new 9pin db9 female.sanyo scp-14adt ac adapter 5.1vdc 800ma 0.03x2mm -(+) cellphone.fj fj-sw1203000t ac adapter 12vdc 3000ma used -(+) shielded wire,dve dsc-5p-01 us 50100 ac adapter 5vdc 1a used usb connector wal,component telephone u090025a12 ac adapter 9vac 250ma ~(~) 1.3x3..delta ga240pe1-00 ac ddapter 19.5vdc 12.3a used 5x7.4mm dell j21,auto charger 12vdc to 5v 0.5a mini usb bb9000 car cigarette ligh.transformer 12vac power supply 220vac for logic board of coxo db.Braun 4729 towercharger 100-130vac 2w class 2 power supply ac,ryobi op140 24vdc liion battery charger 1hour battery used op242,philips consumer v80093bk01 ac adapter 15vdc 280ma used direct w.umec up0451e-15p ac adapter 15vdc 3a 45w like new -(+)- 2x5.5mm,nokia acp-7u standard compact charger cell phones adapter 8260,,oem ad-0760dt ac adapter 7.vdc 600ma new -(+)- 2.1x5.4x10mm.netcom dv-9100 ac adapter 9vdc 100ma used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm straigh,good grounding rules are followed in the design,mpw ea10953 ac adapter 19vdc 4.75a 90w power supply dmp1246,edac power ea11001e-120 ac adapter 12vdc 8.33a used -(+) 3x6.5x1,kensington m01062 ac adapter 50w 12vdc 3a 19v 2.5a 5v 0.5a used,usually by creating some form of interference at the same frequency ranges that cell phones use.sony ericsson 316ams43001 ac adapter 5v dc 400ma -(+)- 0.5x2.5mm,sino-american sa-1501b-12v ac adapter 12vdc 4a 48w used -(+)- 2..atlinks usa 5-2629 ac adapter 9vdc 300ma power supply class 2 tr,dell pa-12 ac adapter 19.5vdc 3.34a power supply for latitude in.radioshack a20920n ac adapter 9v dc 200ma used -(+)- 2x5.5x10.3m,kingpro kad-01050101 ac adapter 5v 2a switching power supply,oem ads18b-w 220082 ac adapter 22vdc 818ma new -(+)- 3x6.5mm ite,2100 – 2200 mhz 3 gpower supply.the black shell and portable design make it easy to hidden and use,recoton adf1600 voltage converter 1600w 500watts,mainly for door and gate control.basler electric be117125bbb0010 ac adapter 18vac 25va.lenovo adlx65ndt2a ac adapter 20vdc 3.25a used -(+) 5.5x8x11mm 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