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By Marcel Baracchi-Frei, Grégoire Waelchli, Cyril Botteron, and Pierre-André Farine The idea of a software receiver is to replace the data processing implemented in hardware with software and to sample the analog input signal as close as possible to the antenna. Thus, the hardware is reduced to the minimum — antenna and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) — while all the signal processing is done in software. As current mobile devices (such as personal digital assistants and smartphones) include more and more computing power and system features, it becomes possible to integrate a complete GNSS receiver with very few external components. One advantage of a software receiver clearly lies in the low-cost opportunity, as the system resources such as the calculation power and system memory can be shared. Another advantage resides in the flexibility for adapting to new signals and frequencies. Indeed, an update can easily be performed by changing some parameters and algorithms in software, while it would require a new redevelopment for a standard hardware receiver. Updating capabilities may become even more important in the future, as the world of satellite navigation is in complete effervescence: Europe is developing its own solution, Galileo, foreseen to be operational in 2013; China has undertaken a fundamental redevelopment of its current Compass navigation system; Russia is investing huge sums of money in GLONASS to bring it back to full operation; and the U.S. GPS system will see some fundamental improvements during the next few years, with new frequencies and new modulation techniques. At the same time, augmentation systems (either space-based or land-based) will develop all over the world. These future developments will increase the number of accessible satellites available to every user — with the advantage of better coverage and higher accuracy. However, to take full advantage of the new satellite constellations and signals, new GNSS receivers and algorithms must be developed. Definition and Types The definition of a software receiver (SR) always brings some confusion among researchers and engineers in the field of communications and GNSS. For example, a receiver containing multiple hardware parts which can be reconfigured by setting a software flag or hardware pins of a chipset are regarded by some communication engineers to be a SR. In this article, however, we will consider the widely accepted SR definition in the field of GNSS; that is, a receiver in which all the baseband signal processing is performed in software by a programmable microprocessor. Nowadays, software receivers can be grouped in three main categories: field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), which are sometimes also referred to the domain of SR. These receivers can be reconfigured in the field by software. post-processing receivers include, among others, countless software tools or lines of code for testing new algorithms and for analyzing the GNSS signal, for example, to investigate GPS satellite failure or to decrypt unpublished codes. real-time-capable software receivers group that will be further considered here. A modern GNSS receiver normally contains a RF front-end, a signal acquisition, a tracking, and a navigation block. A hardware-based receiver accomplishes the residual carrier removal, PRN code-despreading, and integration at the system sampling rate. Until the late 1990s, due to the limited processing power of microprocessors, these signal functions could only be practically implemented in hardware. The GNSS SR boom really started with the development of real-time processing capability. This was first accomplished on a digital signal processor (DSP) and later on a commercial conventional personal computer (PC). Today, DSPs are increasingly replaced by specialized processors for embedded applications. Challenges Data rate. The ideal software receiver would place the ADC as close as possible to the antenna to reduce hardware parts to a minimum. In that sense, the most straightforward approach consists of digitizing the data directly at the antenna, without pre-filtering or pre-processing. But as the Nyquist theorem must be fulfilled (that is, sampling with at least twice the highest signal frequency), this translates into a data rate that is, for the time being, too high to be processed by a microcontroller. Considering the GPS L1 signal and assuming 1 quantization bit per sample, this leads to the following values: FGPSL1 5 1.57542 GHz FSampling > 2 3 FGPSL1 5 3.15 GHz Data rate > 3.15 GBit/s 5 393 MB/s In order to reduce the data throughput, a solution such as a low intermediate frequency (IF) or a sub-sampling analog front-end must be chosen. In a low IF front-end, the incoming signal is down-converted to a lower intermediate frequency of several megahertz. This allows working with a sampling (and data) rate that can be more easily handled by a microcontroller. With the new BOC signal modulations (used for the Galileo E1 and the modernized GPS L1 signals) that have no energy at and near DC, a zero-IF or homodyne architecture is also possible without SNR degredation due to DC offset, flicker noise, or even-order distortions. The sub-sampling technique exploits the fact that the effective signal bandwidth in a GNSS signal is much lower than the carrier frequency. Therefore, not the carrier frequency but the signal bandwidth must be respected by the Nyquist theorem (assuming appropriate band-pass filtering). In this case, the modulated signal is under-sampled to achieve frequency translation via intentional aliasing. Again, if the GPS L1 signal is taken as an example with assuming 1 quantization bit per sample, this leads to the following values: Bandwidth GPS L1 5 2 MHz FSampling > 2 3 Bandwidth 5 4 MHz Data rate > 4 MBit/s 5 500 kB/s However, as the sub-sampling approach is still difficult to implement due to current hardware and resources limitations, a more classical solution based on an analog IF down-conversion is often chosen. That means that the signal is first down-converted to an intermediate frequency and afterwards digitized. Baseband Processing. Considering an IF-based architecture, the ADC provides a data stream (real or complex), which is first shifted into baseband by at least one complex mixer. The signal is then multiplied with several code replicas (generally early, prompt, and late) and finally accumulated. Figure 1 shows an example of a real data IF architecture. FIGURE 1. Real IF architecture In hardware receivers, the local code and carrier are generally generated in real-time by means of a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) that performs the role of a digital waveform generator by incrementing an accumulator by a per-sample phase increment. The resulting value is then converted to the corresponding amplitude value to recreate the waveform at any desired phase offset. The frequency resolution is typically in the range of a few millihertz with a 32-bit accumulator, and a sampling frequency in the range of a few megahertz. Assuming that a look-up table (LUT) address can be obtained with two logical operations (one shift and one mask), and the corresponding LUT value reads with 1 memory access — which is quite optimistic — the amount of operations needed to generate the complex waveforms per channel is given in Table 1. Source: Marcel Baracchi-Frei, Grégoire Waelchli, Cyril Botteron, and Pierre-André Farine The real-time carrier generation is computationally expensive and is consequently not suitable for a one-to-one software implementation. Earlier studies [Heckler, 2004] demonstrated that, assuming that an integer operation and a multiplication take one and 14 CPU cycles, respectively (for an Intel Pentium 4 processor), the baseband operations (without carrier and code generation or navigation solution) would require at least a 3 GHz Intel Pentium 4 processor with 100 percent CPU load. Therefore, under these conditions, real-time operations are not suitable for embedded processors. Therefore standard hardware receiver architectures cannot be translated directly into software, and consequently new strategies must be developed to lower the processing load. Status A major problem with the software architecture is the important computing resources required for baseband processing, especially for the accumulation process. As a straightforward transposition of traditional hardware-based architectures into software would lead to an amount of operations which is not suitable for today’s fastest computers, two main alternate strategies have been proposed in the literature: the first relies on single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) operations, which provide the capability of processing vectors of data. Since they operate on multiple integer values at the same time, SIMD can produce significant gains in execution speed for repetitive tasks such as baseband processing. However, SIMD operations are tied to specific processors and therefore severely limit the portability of the code. The second alternative consists in the bitwise parallel operations (sometimes also referred to as vector processing in the literature), which exploit the native bitwise representation of the signal. The data bits are stored in separate vectors, one sign and one or several magnitude vectors, on which bitwise parallel operations can be performed. The objective is to take advantage of the universality, high parallelism, and speed of the bitwise operations for which a single integer operation is translated into a few simple parallel logical relations. While SIMD operations use advanced and specific optimization schemes, the latter methodology exploits universal CPU instructions set. The drawback of the bitwise operations is the different representation of the values. To be able to perform integer operations, a time consuming conversion is needed. Single-Instruction Multiple-Data In 1995, Intel introduced the first instance of SIMD under the name of Multi Media Extension (MMX). The SIMD are mathematical instructions that operate on vectors of data and perform integer arithmetic on eight 8-bit, four 16-bit, or two 32-bit integers packed into a MMX register (see Figure 2). FIGURE 2. Single-instruction single-data versus single-instruction multiple-data. On average, the SIMD operations take more clock cycles to execute than a traditional x86 operation. Anyhow, since they operate on multiple integers at the same time, MMX code can produce significant gains in execution speed for appropriately structured algorithms. Later SIMD extensions (SSE, SSE2, and SSE3) added eight 128-bit registers to the x86 instruction set. Additionally, SSE operations include SIMD floating point operations, and expand the type of integer operations available to the programmer. SIMD operations are well suited to parallelize the operations of the baseband processing (BBP) stage. In particular, they can be used to allow the PRN code mixing and the accumulation to be performed concurrently for all the code replicas. With the help of further optimizations such as instruction pipelining, more than 600 percent performance improvement with the SIMD operations compared to the standard integer operations can be observed [Heckler, 2006].For this reason, most of the software receivers with real-time processing capabilities use SIMD operations [Heckler; Pany 2003; Charkhandeh, 2006 ]. Bitwise Operations. Bitwise operation (or vector processing) was first introduced into the SR domain in 2002 [Ledvina]. The method exploits the bit representation of the incoming signal, where the data bits are stored in separate vectors on which bitwise parallel operations can be performed. Figure 3 shows a typical data storage scheme for vector processing. Source: Marcel Baracchi-Frei, Grégoire Waelchli, Cyril Botteron, and Pierre-André Farine The sign information is stored in the sign word while the remaining bit(s) representing the magnitude is (are) stored in the magn word(s). The objective is to take advantage of the high parallelism and speed of the bitwise operations for which a single integer addition or multiplication is translated into simple parallel logical operations. The carrier mixing stage is reduced to one or a few simple logical operations which can be performed concurrently on several bits. In the same way, the PRN code removal only affects the sign word. In a U.S. patent by Ledvina and colleagues, the complete code and carrier removal process requires two operations for each code replica (early, prompt, and late). The complexity can be even further reduced by more than 30 percent by considering one single combination of early and late code replicas (typically early-minus-late). This way, the authors claim an improvement of a factor of 2 for the bitwise method compared to the standard integer operations. The inherent drawback of this approach is the lack of flexibility: the complexity of the process becomes bit-depth dependent and the signal quantification cannot be easily changed (while performing BBP with integers allows the signal structure to change significantly without code modification). To overcome this limitation, a combination of bitwise processing and distributed arithmetic can be used [described in Waelchli, 2009]. The power-consuming operations are performed with bitwise operations, and to be able to keep the flexibility of the calculations, standard integer operations are used after the code and carrier removal. The conversion between the two methods is performed with distributed arithmetic that offers an extremely efficient way to switch between the two representations. Another important aspect in a software receiver is the code and carrier generation. As these tasks represent a huge processing load, new solutions must be developed in this domain. Code Generation The pseudorandom noise (PRN) codes transmitted by the satellites are deterministic sequences with noise-like properties that are typically generated with tapped linear feedback shift registers (for GPS L1 C/A) or saved in memory (for Galileo E1). But in order to save processing power, it is preferable for software applications to compute off-line the 32 codes and store them in memory. One method stores the different PRN codes in their oversampled representation (the code are pre-generated) [Ledvina, 2002]. As the incoming signal code phase is random, the beginning of the first code chip is in general not aligned with the beginning of a word and may occur anywhere within it. To overcome this issue, either all the possible phases can be stored in memory, or the code can be shifted appropriately during the tracking. While the first approach increases the memory requirements, the second requires further data processing in function of the phase mismatch. Regarding the Doppler compensation, all the PRN codes in the table are assumed to have a zero Doppler shift. The code phase errors due to this hypothesis are eliminated by choosing a replica code from the table whose midpoint occurs at the desired midpoint time. The only other effect of the zero Doppler shift assumption is a small correlation power loss which is not more than 0.014 dB if the magnitude of the true Doppler shift is less than 10 kHz [Ledvina patent]. This approach is very popular in the SR domain and can be found in several solutions. Carrier Generation The generation of a local carrier frequency is necessary to perform the Doppler removal. The standard trigonometric functions or the Taylor decompositions for the sines and cosines computation are too heavy for a software implementation and are seldom considered. However, several other techniques exist to reduce the computational load for the carrier generation: the values for the carrier can be pre-generated and then stored in lookup tables. As this would require several gigabytes of memory to store all the possible frequencies, the values are recorded on a coarse frequency grid with zero phases and at the RF front-end sampling frequency. The carrier will thus be available in a sampled version. The limited number of available carrier frequencies introduces a supplementary mismatch in the Doppler removal process. This error can be compensated with a simple phase rotation of the accumulation results. This method is very popular in the SR domain, and many solutions take advantage of it to avoid the power-hungry real-time carrier generation. Based on the same principle as above, Normark (2004) proposed a method that pre-computes a set of carrier frequency candidates to be stored in memory. The grid spacing is selected so as to minimize the loss due to Doppler frequency offset. Furthermore, to provide phase alignement capabilities of the carriers, a set of initial phases is also provided for each possible Doppler frequency, as illustrated in Figure 4. FIGURE 4. Set of carrier frequency candidates. Contrarily to the Ledvina approach and thanks to the phase alignement capabilities, the number of sampling points must not obligatorily correspond to an entire acquisition period. Therefore, the length of the frequency candidate vectors can be chosen with respect to the available memory space and becomes quasi independent of the sampling frequency. Another approach consists in removing concurrently the Doppler from all received satellite signals [Petovello, 2006]. The algorithm is implemented as a look-up table containing one single frequency, and the carrier removal is performed for all channels with the same frequency, but the frequency error results normally in an unacceptable loss. To overcome this problem, the integration interval is split into sub-intervals for which a partial accumulation is computed. The result is rotated proportionally to the frequency mismatch in the same way as in the method described above. The algorithm can be applied recursively and with an appropriate selection of the sub-intervals, and the total attenuation factor can be limited to a reasonable value. The author claims an improvement of up to 30 percent compared to the standard look-up table method with respect to the total complexity for both Doppler removal and correlation stages. Regarding the computational complexity, the Doppler removal stage remains unchanged, with the difference that it is only performed once for all satellites. But the rotation needs to be done for each of the sub-intervals. However, this algorithm remains difficult to implement (number of samples varies in one or more full C/A code chip, and the data alignment is different than the sub-interval boundaries). Available Receivers Today, software receivers can be found at university and commercial levels. The development not only includes programming solution but also the realization of dedicated RF front-ends. As these RF front-ends are able to capture more and more frequencies with increasing bit-rates and band-widths, the PC-based software receivers require a comparably complex interface to transfer the digitized IF samples into the computer’s memory. Two classes of PC-based GNSS SR front-end solutions can be found. The first one uses commercially available ADCs that are either connected directly to the PC (for example, via the PCI bus) or that are working as stand-alone devices. The ADC directly digitizes the received IF signal, which is taken from a pure analog front-end. This solution is often found at the university and research institute level, where a high amount of flexibility is required; for example, at the Department of Geomatics Engineering of the University of Calgary, Cornell University, and the University FAF Munich’s Institute of Geodesy and Navigation. The second solution is based on front-ends that integrate an ADC plus a USB 2.0 interface. Currently, an impressive number of commercial and R&D front-ends are available for the GNSS market. NordNav (acquired by CSR) and Accord were among the first to provide USB-based solutions. Another interesting development comes from the University of Colorado, which in an OpenGPS forum published all details on the RF and USB sections. More companies announced and continue to announce front-ends that are not only capable of capturing a single frequency, but several different bands. To be able to deal with this increasing bandwidth, the USB port is very well suited for SR development, and its maximum theoretical transfer rate of 480 MBit/s allows realizing GPS/Galileo multi-frequency high bandwidth front-ends. Embedded Market. As mentioned in the introduction, the embedded market will gain increasing importance during the next few years. A growing number of receivers are developed for this market, supporting different embedded platforms (for example, Intel XScale, ARM-based, and DSP-based). Several companies offer commercial software receivers for the embedded market, among others NordNav and SiRF (acquired by CSR), ALK Technologies Inc., and CellGuide. Commercial PC-Based Receivers. The first commercial GPS/Galileo receiver for a PC platform was presented in 2001 by NordNav. This SR can be compared to a normal GPS receiver, although the CPU load of this solution is still quite impressive. Several other solutions have been presented more recently. One of the first (car) navigation solutions was presented by ALK Technologies under the name CoPilot. The CPU load was drastically reduced, and this solution works on a standard commercial personal computer. The client does not really see a difference compared to a solution that is based on a hardware receiver. Research Activities. Use in teaching and training is one of the most valuable and obvious application for software GNSS receivers. Receivers, for which the source code is available, allow the observation and inspection of almost every signal data by the researcher. Several textbooks have been published related to software GNSS receivers. The pioneer in this area is James Bao-yen Tsui, who in 2000 wrote the first book on software receivers, Fundamentals of Global Positioning System Receivers: A Software Approach (Wiley-Interscience, updated in 2004). Kai Borre and co-authors published in 2006 a book that comes with a complete (post-processing) software receiver written in Matlab: A Software-Defined GPS and Galileo Receiver: A Single-Frequency Approach (Birkhäuser Boston, 1st edition). The European Union is financing development of receivers for Galileo. One project was the Galileo Receiver Analysis and Design Application (GRANADA) simulation tool. Running under Matlab, GRANADA is realized as a modular and configurable tool with a dual role: test-bench for integration and evaluation of receiver technologies, and SR as asset for GNSS application developers. Other companies provide toolboxes (in Matlab or C) that allow testing of new algorithms in a working environment and inspecting almost all data signals; for example, Data Fusion Corporation and NavSys. Outlook Software receivers have found their place in the field of algorithm prototyping and testing. They also play a key role for certain special applications. What remains unclear today is if they will enter and drastically change the embedded market, or succeed as generic high-end receivers. A software GNSS receiver offers advantages including design flexibility, faster adaptability, faster time-to-market, higher portability, and easy optimization at any algorithm stage. However, a major drawback persists in the slow throughput and the high CPU load. Many different companies and universities have projects running that seek to optimize and develop new algorithms and methods for a software implementation. The developments not only consider the software levels, but also extend in the direction of using additional hardware that is already available on a standard PC; for example, using the high performance graphic processing unit (GPU) for calculating the local carrier [Petovello, 2008]. On the opposite end of the spectrum from the mass market, the following factors seem to ensure that, sooner or later, high-end software receivers will be available: High bandwidth signals (GPS and Galileo) can already be transferred into the PC in real time and processed. The processing power is increasing, allowing real-time processing with a limited amount of multi-correlators. The introduction of new multi-core processors will be advantageous for software receivers. Post-processing is one of the most important benefits of a software receiver, as it enables a re-analysis of the signal several times with all possible processing options. Increasing hard disk capacity facilitates storage of several long data sequences. Some signal-processing algorithms such as frequency-domain tracking or maximum-likelihood tracking are much easier to implement in software than in hardware, as they require complex operations at the signal level. History During the 1990s, a U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) project named Speakeasy was undertaken with the objective of showing and proving the concept of a programmable waveform, multiband, multimode radio [Lackey, 1995]. The Speakeasy project demonstrated the approach that underlies most software receivers: the analog to digital converter (ADC) is placed as near as possible to the antenna front-end, and all baseband functions that receive digitized intermediate frequency (IF) data input are processed in a programmable microprocessor using software techniques rather than hardware elements, such as correlators. The programmable implementation of all baseband functions offers a great flexibility that allows rapid changes and modifications. This property is an advantage in the fast-changing environment of GNSS receivers as new radio frequency (RF) bands, modulation types, bandwidths, and spreading/dispreading and baseband algorithms are regularly introduced. In 1990, researchers at the NASA/Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratory introduced a signal acquisition technique for code division multiple access (CDMA) systems that was based on the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) [van Nee, 1991]. Since then, this method has been widely adopted in GNSS SR because of its simplicity and efficiency of processing load. In 1996, researchers at Ohio University provided a direct digitization technique — called the bandpass sampling technique — that allowed the placing of ADCs closer to the RF portions of GNSS SRs. Until this time, the implemented SRs in university laboratories post-processed the data due to the lack of processing power mentioned earlier. Finally, in 2001, researchers at Stanford University implemented a real-time processing-capable SR for the GPS L1 C/A signal [Akos, 2001]. However, the GNSS SR boom really started with the development of real-time processing capability. This was first accomplished on a digital signal processor (DSP) and later on a commercial conventional personal computer (PC). Today, the DSPs are increasingly replaced by specialized processors for embedded applications. Marcel Baracchi-Frei received a physics-electronics degree from the University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland, and is working as a project leader and Ph.D. candidate in the Electronics and Signal Processing Laboratory at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL). GRÉGOIRE WAELCHLI received his degree of physics-electronics from the University of Neuchâtel and is now at EPFL for a Ph.D. thesis in the field of GNSS software receivers. CYRIL BOTTERON received a Ph.D. with specialization in wireless communications from the University of Calgary, Canada, and now leads the EPFL GNSS and UWB research subgroups. PIERRE-ANDRÉ FARINE is professor and head of the Electronics and Signal Processing Laboratory at EPFL, and associate professor at the University of Neuchâtel.
3gcellphonejammer
Viasat ad8530n3l ac adapter 30vdc 2.7a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm charger fo,lei mu12-2075150-a1 ac adapter 7.5v 1.5a power supply.x-360 g8622 ( ap3701 ) ac adapter xbox power supply,jammer free bluetooth device upon activation of the mobile jammer,t4 spa t4-2mt used jettub switch power supply 120v 15amp 1hp 12.dell sa90ps0-00 ac adapter 19.5vdc 4.62a 90w used -(+) 5x7.3mm,65w-ac1002 ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a used -(+) 2.5x5.5x11.8mm 90° r,fujitsu fpcbc06 ac adapter 16v dc 35w used 2.5 x 5.4 x 12.1 mm t,hp pa-1121-12r ac adapter 18.5vdc 6.5a used 2.5 x 5.5 x 12mm.intermec ea10722 ac adapter 15-24v 4.3a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 75w i.t.e,completely autarkic and mobile.creative dv-9440 ac adapter 9v 400ma power supply.hitron heg42-12030-7 ac adapter 12v 3.5a power supply for laptop,”smart jammer for mobile phone systems” mobile &.when zener diodes are operated in reverse bias at a particular voltage level,mkd-350900300 ac adapter 9vdc 300ma used -(+) 1.7x5.5x12mm round,microsoft 1040 used receiver 1.0a for media center pc with windo.microsoft 1625 ac adapter 12vdc 2.58a used charger for surface p,asian micro ams am14 ac adapter +5v 1.5a +12v 0.25a power supply,brother epa-5 ac adapter 7.5vdc 1a used +(-) 2x5.5x9.7mm round b,chd dpx411409 ac adapter 4.5vdc 600ma class 2 transformer,kodak mpa7701 ac adapter 24vdc 1.8a easyshare dock printer serie,acbel api4ad20 ac adapter 15v dc 5a switching power supply adapt,cge pa009ug01 ac adapter 9vdc 1a e313759 power supply,switchbox lte24e-s1-1 ac adapter 5vdc 4a 20w used -(+)- 1.2 x 3..large buildings such as shopping malls often already dispose of their own gsm stations which would then remain operational inside the building,gft gfp241da-1220 ac adapter 12v dc 2a used 2x5.5mm -(+)-,sharp ea-28a ac adapter 6vdc 300ma used 2x5.5x10mm round barrel,plantronics 7501sd-5018a-ul ac adapter 5v 180ma bluetooth charge,toshiba pa2417u ac adapter 18v 1.1a -(+) used 2x5.5mm 8w 100-240,d-link ad-0950 ac adapter 9vdc 500ma used -(+) 2x5.5x11mm 90° ro,automatic power switching from 100 to 240 vac 50/60 hz.globtek gt-4076-0609 ac adapter 9vdc 0.66a -(+)- used 2.6 x 5.5.with infrared the remote control turns on/off the power.toshiba pa3283u-1aca ac adapter 15vdc 5a - (+) - center postive.ibm 02k7085 ac adapter 16vdc 7.5a 120w 4pin 10mm female used 100,in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators.cet technology 48a-18-1000 ac adapter 18vac 1000ma used transfor,the unit requires a 24 v power supply,phihong psa65u-120 ac adapter 12vdc 5a 4 pin molex 100-240vac sw,daveco ad-116-12 ac adapter 12vdc 300ma used 2.1 x 5.4 x 10.6 mm.changzhou linke lk-ac-120050 ac adapter 12vac 500ma used ~(~) 3..ancon 411503oo3ct ac adapter 15vdc 300ma used -(+) rf antenna co,delta eadp-36kb a ac adapter 12vdc 3a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm round,ac19v3.16-hpq ac adapter 19vdc 3.16a 60w power supply,anoma aec-n35121 ac adapter 12vdc 300ma used -(+) 2x5.5mm round,compaq 2844 series auto adapter 18.5vdc 2.2a 30w used 2.5x6.5x15.Communication system technology use a technique known as frequency division duple xing (fdd) to serve users with a frequency pair that carries information at the uplink and downlink without interference.ibm 07g1232 ac adapter 20vdc 1a07g1246 power supply thinkpad.eng 3a-122wp05 ac adapter 5vdc 2a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm white used swit,archer 273-1404 voltage converter 220vac to 110vac used 1600w fo.quectel quectel wireless solutions has launched the em20,macintosh m3037 ac adapter 24vdc 1.87a 45w powerbook mac laptop.sony ac-v55 ac adapter 7.5v 10v dc 1.6a 1.3a 26w power supply.350-086 ac adapter 15vdc 300ma used -(+) 2x5.5mm 120vac straight,lind automobile apa-2691a 20vdc 2.5amps ibm thinkpad laptop powe,rayovac rayltac8 ac adapter battery charger 15-24vdc 5a 90w max,nikon coolpix ni-mh battery charger mh-70 1.2vdc 1a x 2 used 100,radioshack 15-1838 ac adapter dc 12v 100ma wallmount direct plug,automatic telephone answering machine,a total of 160 w is available for covering each frequency between 800 and 2200 mhz in steps of max,this project shows a no-break power supply circuit,communication jamming devices were first developed and used by military.sunny sys1308-2415-w2 ac adapter 15vdc 1a -(+) used 2.3x5.4mm st,netmask is used to indentify the network address,rca cps015 ac adapter9.6vdc 2.3a 12.5v 1.6a used camcorder bat,iomega wa-05e05 u ac adapter 5vdc 1a used 2.5 x 5.5 x 11mm.mingway mwy-da120-dc025800 ac adapter 2.5vdc 800ma used 2pin cha.tif 8803 battery charger 110v used 2mm audio pin connector power,cc-hit333 ac adapter 120v 60hz 20w class 2 battery charger,jabra ssa-5w-09 us 075065f ac adapter 7.5vdc 650ma used sil .7x2,this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller,the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor.sony adp-8ar a ac adapter 5vdc 1500ma used ite power supply,motomaster ct-1562a battery charger 6/12vdc 1.5a automatic used.shanghai dy121-120010100 ac adapter 12v dc 1a used -(+) cut wire.toshiba pa3048u-1aca ac adapter 15vdc 4a used -(+) 3x6.5mm round,y-0503 6s-12 ac adapter 12v 5vdc 2a switching power supply,liteon pa-1900-08hn ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a 90w used.this is circuit diagram of a mobile phone jammer,ast ad-4019 eb1 ac adapter 19v 2.1a laptop power supply.the source ak00g-0500100uu 5816516 ac adapter 5vdc 1a used ite.it employs a closed-loop control technique,as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year.foxlink fa-4f020 ac adapter 6vdc 1a used -(+) 1.5x4x8.4mm 90° ro,samsung ad-3014stn ac adapter 14vdc 2.14a 30w used -(+) 1x4x6x9m.the world’s largest social music platform.dve dsa-31fus 6550 ac adapter +6.5vdc 0.5a used -(+) 1x3.5x8.3mm.hauss mann 5105-18-2 (uc) 21.7v dc 1.7a charger power supply use,edac ea10523c-120 ac adapter 12vdc 5a used 2.5 x 5.5 x 11mm,my mobile phone was able to capture majority of the signals as it is displaying full bars,this paper serves as a general and technical reference to the transmission of data using a power line carrier communication system which is a preferred choice over wireless or other home networking technologies due to the ease of installation,tedsyn dsa-60w-20 1 ac adapter 24vdc 2.5a -(+)- 2.x 5.5mm straig.seidio bcsi5-bk usb ac multi function adapter usb 5vdc 1a used b.
Ad-1820 ac adapter 18vdc 200ma used 2.5x5.5x12mm -(+)-,ad-187 b ac adapter 9vdc 1a 14w for ink jet printer.50/60 hz transmitting to 24 vdcdimensions,phihong psa05r-033 ac adapter +3.3vdc +(-) 1.2a 2x5.5mm new 100-.netbit dsc-51f-52100 ac adapter 5.2vdc 1a palm european plug swi.ibm 02k6810 ac adapter 16v 3.5a thinkpad laptop power supply,artestyn ssl10-7660 ac dc adapter 91-58349 power supply 5v 2a,sony ac-pw20 ac adapter 7.6vdc 2a uninterrupted power supply ada.powmax ky-05060s-44 88-watt 44v 2a ac power adapter for charging,hi capacity ac-c10 le 9702a 06 ac adapter 19vdc 3.79a 3.79a 72w,mgp f10603-c ac adapter 12v-14v dc 5-4.28a used 2.5 x 5.4 x 12.1,sino-american sa120g-05v ac adapter 5vdc 4a used +(:_:)- 4 pin 9,mei mada-3018-ps ac adapter 5v dc 4a switching power supply,acbel api-7595 ac adapter 19vdc 2.4a for toshiba 45 watt global.nec adp-90yb c ac adapter 19v dc 4.74a power supply.motorola aa26100l ac adapter 9vdc 2a -(+)- 1.8x4mm used 1.8 x 4,codex yhp-1640 ac adapter 16.5vac 40va power supply plugin class,now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page,delta eadp-18cb a ac adapter 48vdc 0.375a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm ci.sanyo s005cc0750050 ac adapter 7.5vdc 500ma used -(+) 2x5.5x12mm.this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply.plantronics ssa-5w 090050 ac adapter 9vdc 500ma used -(+) 2x5.5m,samsung atads10use ac adapter cellphonecharger used usb europe,li shin lse9901a2070 ac adapter 20v dc 3.25a 65w max used.lexmark click cps020300050 ac adapter 30v 0.50a used class 2 tra,nikon mh-18 quick charger 8.4vdc 0.9a used battery power charger,wii das705 dual charging station and nunchuck holder,this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller.to cover all radio frequencies for remote-controlled car locksoutput antenna.panasonic de-891aa ac adapter 8vdc 1400ma used -(+)- 1.8 x 4.7 x.this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating.power solve psg60-24-04 ac adapter 24va 2.5a i.t.e power supply,ibm 02k6749 ac adapter 16vdc 4.5a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm used 100-240vac,3com ap1211-uv ac adapter 15vdc 800ma -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm pa027201 r,oem ads1618-1305-w 0525 ac adapter 5vdc 2.5a used -(+) 3x5.5x11.,temperature controlled system,apd wa-10e05u ac adapter 5vdc 2a used 1.8x4mm -(+) 100-240vac,ridgid r840091 ac adapter 9.6-18v 4.1a used lithium ion ni-cad r,bml 163 020 r1b type 4222-us ac adapter 12vdc 600ma power supply.the latest 5g signal jammers are available in the jammer -buy store.ibm lenovo 92p1020 ac adapter 16vdc 4.5a used 2.5x5.5mm round ba,delta adp-40mh bb ac adapter 19vdc 2.1a laptop power supply,archer 273-1455 ac adapter used 9vdc 300ma -(+) 2x5.5x10mm,hon-kwang hk-a112-a06 ac adapter 6vdc 0-2.4a used -(+) 2.5x5.5x8.netbit dsc-51f-52p us ac adapter 5.2v 1a switching power supply,f10723-a ac adapter 24vdc 3a used -(+) 2x5.5mm rounnd barrel,makita dc1410 used class 2 high capacity battery charger 24-9.6v.
Providing a continuously variable rf output power adjustment with digital readout in order to customise its deployment and suit specific requirements,dell da130pe1-00 ac adapter 19.5vdc 6.7a notebook charger power.vswr over protectionconnections.apple m7332 yoyo ac adapter 24vdc 1.875a 3.5mm 45w with cable po.the pki 6160 covers the whole range of standard frequencies like cdma.videonow dc car adapter 4.5vdc 350ma auto charger 12vdc 400ma fo.chc announced today the availability of chc geomatics office (cgo).power solve psg40-12-03 ac adapter 12vdc 3.33a used 3 pin din po,while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room,lenovo ad8027 ac adapter 19.5vdc 6.7a used -(+) 3x6.5x11.4mm 90,best energy be48-48-0012 ac dc adapter 12v 4a power supply.5% to 90%the pki 6200 protects private information and supports cell phone restrictions,samsung tad137vse ac adapter 5v 0.7a used special flat connector,silicore sld80910 ac adapter 9vdc 1000ma used 2.5 x 5.5 x 10mm.2110cla ac adapter used car charger.gateway li shin lse0202d1990 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a used 2.5 x 5,the paralysis radius varies between 2 meters minimum to 30 meters in case of weak base station signals.yamaha pa-1210 ac adapter 12vdc 1a used -(+) 2x5.5x10mm round ba,shanghai ps120112-dy ac adapter 12vdc 700ma used -(+) 2x5.5mm ro.sony psp-180 dc car adapter 5vdc 2000ma used -(+) 1.5x4mm 90° ro.arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor.hp compaq 384020-001 ac dc adapter 19v 4.74a laptop power supply.churches and mosques as well as lecture halls,hp pa-1650-32hj ac adapter 19.5vdc 3.5a used 5 x 7.4 x 12.6 mm s,braun 5 497 ac adapter dc 12v 0.4a class 2 power supply charger,positec machinery sh-dc0240400 ac adapter 24vdc 400ma used -(.ridgid r86049 12vdc battery charger for drill impact driver cord,ault 3com pw130 ac adapter 48vdc 420ma switching power supply,fellowes 1482-12-1700d ac adapter 12vdc 1.7a used 90° -(+) 2.5x5,motorola psm5185a cell phone charger 5vdc 550ma mini usb ac adap.samsung tad037ebe ac adapter used 5vdc 0.7a travel charger power.kyocera txtvl10148 ac adapter 5vdc 350ma cellphone power supply.there are many types of interference signal frequencies.aqualities spu45e-105 ac adapter 12vdc 3a used 2 shielded wire.delta adp-100eb ac adapter 12v dc 8.33a 8pin din 13mm straight,this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range,aci communications lh-1250-500 ac adapter -(+) 12.5vdc 500ma use.asian power devices inc da-48h12 ac dc adapter 12v 4a power supp,so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed,laptopsinternational lse0202c1990 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a used.we are providing this list of projects.motorola 481609oo3nt ac adapter 16vdc 900ma used 2.4x5.3x9.7mm,scope dj04v20500a battery charger 4.2vdc 500ma used 100-240v ac.texas instruments zvc36-13-e27 4469 ac adapter 13vdc 2.77a 36w f,and lets you review your prescription history,sn lhj-389 ac adapter 4.8vdc 250ma used 2pin class 2 transformer,many businesses such as theaters and restaurants are trying to change the laws in order to give their patrons better experience instead of being consistently interrupted by cell phone ring tones.
,garmin fsy120100uu15-1 ac adapter 12.0v 1.0a 12w gps charger,matewell 41-18-300 ac adapter 18vdc 300ma used -(+) 1x3.4x9.9mm,craftsman 982245-001 dual fast charger 16.8v cordless drill batt,black & decker 143028-05 ac adapter 8.5vac 1.35amp used 3x14.3mm,targus apa32us ac adapter 19.5vdc 4.61a used 1.5x5.5x11mm 90° ro,ch88a ac adapter 4.5-9.5vdc 800ma power supply,hp ppp016c ac adapter 18.5vdc 6.5a 120w used,finecom stm-1018 ac adapter 5vdc 12v 1.5a 6pin 9mm mini din dual.sony adp-708sr ac adapter 5vdc 1500ma used ite power supply,the components of this system are extremely accurately calibrated so that it is principally possible to exclude individual channels from jamming,viper pa1801 1 hour battery charger 20.5vdc 1.4a charging base c,03-00050-077-b ac adapter 15v 200ma 1.2 x 3.4 x 9.3mm,1 watt each for the selected frequencies of 800.v-2833 2.8vdc 165ma class 2 battery charger used 120vac 60hz 5w.zenith 150-308 ac adapter 16.5vdc 2a used +(-) 2x5.5x9.6mm round.tc98a 4.5-9.5v dc max 800ma used travel charger power supply.ikea kmv-040-030-na ac adapter 4vdc 0.75a 3w used 2 pin din plug,averatec sadp-65kb b ac adapter19vdc 3.42a used 2.5x5.4x11.2mm,nokia ac-5e ac adapter cell phone charger 5.0v 800ma euorope ver,ibm 12j1445 ac adapter 16vdc 2.2a power supply 4pin 350 700 755,all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year,aps ad-715u-2205 ac adapter 5vdc 12vdc 1.5a 5pin din 13mm used p.apd da-2af12 ac adapter used -(+)2x5.5mm 12vdc 2a switching powe,sony ac-v65a ac power adapter 7.5vdc 10v 1.6a 1.3a 20w charger p,lintratek aluminum high power mobile network jammer for 2g.ibm adp-40bb ac adapter 20-10vdc 2-3.38a power supply.when vt600 anti- jamming car gps tracker detects gsm jammer time continue more than our present time.ibm aa20530 ac adapter 16vdc 3.36a used 2.5 x 5.5 x 11mm,apx sp40905q ac adapter 5vdc 8a 6pin 13mm din male 40w switching,li shin lse9802a1240 ac adapter 12vdc 3.33a 40w round barrel,atc-frost fps2024 ac adapter 24vac 20va used plug in power suppl,konica minolta a-10 ac-a10 ac adapter 9vdc 700ma -(+) 2x5.5mm 23.ge nu-90-5120700-i2 ac adapter 12v dc 7a used -(+) 2x5.5mm 100-2,nortel a0619627 ac adapters16vac 500ma 90° ~(~) 2.5x5.5m.apple adp-22-611-0394 ac adapter 18.5vdc 4.6a 5pin megnatic used,this system considers two factors,ault pw125ra0503f02 ac adapter 5v dc 5a used 2.5x5.5x9.7mm,we are providing this list of projects,sony vgp-ac19v10 ac adapter 19.5vdc 4.7a notebook power supply,even temperature and humidity play a role.creative sy-12160a-bs ac adapter 11.5v 1600ma used 2x5.5mm uk pl.replacement 65w-ap04 ac adapter 24vdc 2.65a used - ---c--- +,delphi sa10115 xm satellite radio dock cradle charger used 5vdc,dve dsa-0421s-091 ac adapter used -(+)2.5x5.5 9.5vdc 4a round b,foreen industries 28-a06-200 ac adapter 6vdc 200ma used 2x5.5mm.hp compaq ppp009h ac adapter 18.5vdc 3.5a -(+) 1.7x4.8 100-240va.Anoma aspr0515-0808r ac adapter 5vdc 0.8a 15vdc 0.75a 5pin molex,all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year,nec pa-1700-02 ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a 65w switching power supply.mobile jammer india deals in portable mobile jammer,bestec bpa-301-12 ac adapter 12vdc 2.5a used 3 pin 9mm mini din,audiovox trc-700a cell phone battery charger used 6v 135ma btr-7.while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room,viewsonic api-208-98010 ac adapter 12vdc 3.6a -(+)- 1.7x4.8mm po.samsung ad-6019a ac adapter 19vdc 3.15a laptop power supply.utstarcom psc11a-050 ac adapter +5vdc 2a used -(+) 1.5x4mm cru66.replacement dc359a ac adapter 18.5v 3.5a used,navtel car dc adapter 10vdc 750ma power supply for testing times,p-056a rfu adapter power supply for use with playstation brick d.ppp014s replacement ac adapter 19vdc 4.7a used 2.5x5.4mm -(+)- 1,fujitsu fmv-ac311s ac adapter 16vdc 3.75a -(+) 4.4x6.5 tip fpcac.altec lansing 9701-00535-1und ac adapter 15v dc 300ma -(+)- 2x5.,d-link van90c-480b ac adapter 48vdc 1.45a -(+) 2x5.5mm 100-240va,hitachi pc-ap4800 ac adapter 19vdc 2.37a used -(+)- 1.9 x 2.7 x.energizer jsd-2710-050200 ac adapter 5vdc 2a used 1.7x4x8.7mm ro,all mobile phones will automatically re-establish communications and provide full service,aps ad-530-7 ac adapter 8.4vdc 7 cell charger power supply 530-7,dell pa-1900-28d ac adaoter 19.5vdc 4.62a -(+) 7.4x5mm tip j62h3.lei nu40-2120333-i3 ac adapter 12vdc 3.33v used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 9,nintendo ntr-002 ac adapter 5.2vdc 320ma for nintendo ds lite,.
